1992 PFI, the academic circles think the real PPP model studies of people in the world are not many, the British relatively some more, our study on the model of PPP is also not a few, a few years this a little better, the research has a lot of, hundreds of, thousands of is there.
We have a saying, 2014 is the first year of China PPP mode, the main said is heat. In fact, the PPP mode is what, we are all very not clear, everyone's views are not the same. A while ago, training, I said PPP in the world and there is no consensus, said what is PPP really hard. One stage is, authorized by the government to provide public products, public service, if completely in the hands of private enterprises, to allow private enterprises to assume social responsibility, seems to have a problem, because the enterprise is independent of the. If a signed contract of twenty years, thirty years, is the incomplete contract. People do not happy, the government administrative intervention, the government later said simply shares accounted for using a commercial method, through this one point control. If is very important to people holding, if not so important will account for a small number of shares accounted for or not. PF2 there are provisions, the project company is divided into three parts, the first piece of the government must be accounted for second shares, third shares are investors find, is that investors in the market. Now are required to have a proportional share, divided into three categories: government, investors, and investors to the public to find.
One is to strengthen the government control of the project, the second is the public participation. Have the public participation of government control transparent. This concept seems similar to the recent Treasury said, concept of mixed ownership. PPP fire up into a broad concept, as long as the government and enterprise cooperation can be called the PPP. So it is a bit of a problem, like Canada, Australia, England and so on, are defined in PPP. I personally like the Canadian definition, relatively simple, that is, the public and private sectors to establish cooperative management work, through the appropriate allocation and benefit sharing to meet public demand. So it seems there is still a little problem, say too fuzzy.
The Asian Development Bank and the European Union from its characteristics to define. Features, government must be authorized, the government must set the rules, the government must regulation, not regulation no.. The private sector must pay, not pay No. Must be long-term cooperation, if not long-term cooperation to speculation, did not take long. The private sector does not bear the financial risk makes no sense, and one aim is to improve the efficiency and service level. But if completely in the hands of enterprises is not PPP, so BOO is not considered to be PPP. Which personally I agree. The European Union actually also is such, both sides according to the complementary advantages together to undertake the social responsibility, the government make this clear, government according to the public interest to determine the service requirements, quality requirements, the requirements of price, and to monitor the. From the characteristics of the above description, with domestic and foreign all points of view to explain. There is a benefit: regardless of what it is called, the key to see our connotation, as long as the government has become the talk is good for you.
A chance to enter into the field of PPP, was a company planning the following. In 1994, for one hundred thousand pieces of money of BOT research in Beijing city development and Reform Commission Liu Xiaoguang, let me be the group leader, was not so developed network, very little information. I when the person responsible for project, engage in more than a year. By 1995, the data collation, called BOT guide, published a book like this.
At that time, although ignorant, but is clear on this matter. In the Planning Commission was deeply impressed, turned out to be an engineer, from engineers to the Planning Commission, is China's social class two. Planning Commission leaders say what how you write, between black and white. After finishing to leadership advice, I said is not able to do the BOT project in Beijing after the end of ninety's wave of people go, I will go. At that time, want to make your own, later took part in a project, I do this research and do his side project is the same period.
From 1994 to now twenty years, PPP has experienced five stages.
The first stage is before 1994 is a stage, a young man called exploration stage. From the reform and opening up to 1994 this period of time, a lot of reform and opening up foreign investment coming in, there are some money into infrastructure, but not much. Typical was the Guangdong power plant, built a power plant using BOT. Beijing Railway Station next to the Hotel Internazionale is also called BOT.
The second stage of the pilot phase, probably from 1994 to 2002, this time the project is not many, some projects do call pilot. Including local pilot projects, and five projects, the national launch of the Guangxi power plant, there are sixth water plant in Chengdu, and in Changsha Wangcheng power plant is not made, there is a Guangdong Yangjiang to electropositive expressway, five projects made two, three did not make.
This is the state of the pilot, the pilot brought law rules to us. Beijing city pilot also did some research and made the tenth Waterworks of Beijing, is actually a troubled project. Tenth water plants have some experience of some of the practices from the sixth water plant. So in 2008 to 2009, because the time is long. Over the same period in domestic and other. Why do I say this time is the pilot, in each area to find basically is the one or two project. The front is the exploration of the central government, the following is the local government explore. Clear that the pilot project. There are power plants, water, and roads.
Each central

From 1994 to now twenty years, PPP has experienced five stages.
The first stage is before 1994 is a stage, a young man called exploration stage. From the reform and opening up to 1994 this period of time, a lot of reform and opening up foreign investment coming in, there are some money into infrastructure, but not much. Typical was the Guangdong power plant, built a power plant using BOT. Beijing Railway Station next to the Hotel Internazionale is also called BOT.
The second stage of the pilot phase, probably from 1994 to 2002, this time the project is not many, some projects do call pilot. Including local pilot projects, and five projects, the national launch of the Guangxi power plant, there are sixth water plant in Chengdu, and in Changsha Wangcheng power plant is not made, there is a Guangdong Yangjiang to electropositive expressway, five projects made two, three did not make.
This is the state of the pilot, the pilot brought law rules to us. Beijing city pilot also did some research and made the tenth Waterworks of Beijing, is actually a troubled project. Tenth water plants have some experience of some of the practices from the sixth water plant. So in 2008 to 2009, because the time is long. Over the same period in domestic and other. Why do I say this time is the pilot, in each area to find basically is the one or two project. The front is the exploration of the central government, the following is the local government explore. Clear that the pilot project. There are power plants, water, and roads.
The pilot project pilot and various locations of the central government, some people have gained experience some learned. This period of time is important, for the whole of the rules of BOT, including the formation of subsequent files, use today a lot of some of the provisions, many of them from the time of the rules, including some practices.
When we do tenth waterworks, file has two trucks, each bidder, a database, very full of information. All bidding documents are a few items, a total of two trucks. There are about four meters long trucks, five guys got a night, the data get very orderly. What this question also? Leadership was a little dissatisfied, get so many files can not be separated from the consulting company. Then he started to simplify, simplify is also in our simplified. Xiaojiahe is built around 2000, when no agreement, supplementary agreement specification is less trouble. The entire file is mature. I think this stage is the pilot phase.
The third stage is the beginning of 2003 to 2008, it is a promotion stage. Mayor Wang to the Ministry of construction when the Secretary, Department of the Ministry of urban construction please we do plan. There is a small yellow, then called marketization, privatization and think a lot, then says to still make industrialization. The Ministry of construction out of a document, in 2002, this thing is burning, in the country preaching exchange rather than. There are a lot of projects after SARS in 2003, 2003 to 2008 period of project quantity is very high. There is no general statistics, has done a lot of projects.
The fourth stage is the repeated stage, 2009 to 2012. The characteristics of the front stage is the characteristic of market economy is very clear, is also characterized by a private enterprises to participate in the more competitive and fully. The promotion stage is the market, some officials do not agree with this, I think the market is obviously improved with efficiency.
After the 2009 financial crisis has launched four trillion, local governments have no longer need money, then do the reason PPP has not, this stage is the country back into stage. The 2010 stimulus when the stimulus does not think of it, the whole at this stage resources tend to state-owned enterprises, only the central enterprises to get the others to get. The emergence of spring door, you don't have the resources. But the other side is the central enterprises have a lot of money does not go out.